Essay --

3) There are many causes of child labour, but the biggest cause is money. People build factories in poor areas so that it would attract cheap labour which are the children that they target. Another cause is the lack of protection from the government; the businesses help the economy grow and make the country successful. If the government stops child labour, then the businesses may threaten to move to another country that would also welcome the chance to look good. The government is too greedy and is willing to put children’s lives in danger. Poverty is another reason for child labour. The many that are poor do not have enough money to support their children, so they do not send their children to school. The majority of people don’t have a house to live in, and they don’t have enough money to buy food. So since they don’t go to school, parents send them to work, or they sell their child for money. 4) Child labour effects the knowledge, economy and condtions of the children. When parents are in need of money, they stop their kids from going school and send them to work. The children the...

The hegemonic decline of the United States and the eastward shift in the global capitalist economy

Abstract The Great Recession of 2007-8 has exposed the inherent weakness of the Western economies, whose growth had been fuelled on heavy indebtedness. This dissertation intends to broach the implications of the Great Recession of 2007-8 by applying the theoretical concepts related to the notion of hegemony in order to determine to what extent there is a geopolitical shift in favour of China, pursuant to the decline of the United States. The dissertation also utilizes the theory of economic crisis in order to ascertain the implications of the Great Recession and corroborate the idea of a hegemonic shift to the East. Objectives The dissertation seeks to intervene in a central debate of our times in the field of Political Economy of International Relations: the possible decline of United States’ â€Å"hegemony† and a possible shift of hegemony towards East Asia, especially China, given East Asia’s growing role in the world economy. This trend has exacerbated since the onset of the Great Recession of 2007-8. Using the theoretical framework of hegemony, I intend to find out to which extent the universalisation of the economic superstructure renders the notion of American hegemony obsolete. A Marxian model of interpretation can potentially shed light into the reasons which China, with competitive advantages that vastly exceed those of the United States will continue to accumulate power and establish itself as the new hegemon. Research questions What is the best way to conceptualise hegemony at the international level in the context of the Great Recession of 2007-8? What elements have to be analysed in order to assess hegemony shifts in Capitalist Global Political EconomyHow does this apply to the crisis 2007-2008? What are the signs that American power decliningWhat are the potential implications of that decline? Did the Great Recession of 2007-8 create an irretrievable hegemonic shift towards the Pacific? Theoretical framework The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first is theoretical and discusses the notion of hegemony at the international level. The second part elaborates on the theory of crises. The way in which hegemony has been conceptualised by influential authors such as Arrighi, Cox, Organski and Kindleberger is critically examined. In particular, the dissertation proposes a re-reading of Gramsci stressing the role of nation states and both elements, coercion and consensus, in the exercise of hegemony. Concerning crises, the dissertation seeks to elaborate an integral and organic theory of economic crises based on Marx, contrasting the latter with recently developed neo-Marxist perspectives, such as the ones espoused by David Harvey and Ernest Mandel. Methodology The method for tackling this dissertation will involve a theoretical treatment of hegemony and the causes of economic crisis. Within that particular methodological framework, I intend to analyse the Great Recession of 2007-8 and its implications for the shift taking place, with the transfer of hegemonic power from the United States to China. Chapter one will be a treatment of the theoretical sources dealing with the notion of ‘hegemony’, as applied to shifts in the international political system. Chapter two deals with the nature of economic crises and long economic cycles, as applied to the hegemonic shift taking place. Chapter three will examine the hegemonic shift taking place as a result of the Great Recession of 2007-8 and how the next long cycle could favour the transition from a US-dominated system to a Chinese-dominated one. I intend to use primary sources which will corroborate the economic and political decline of the United States as well as the rise of China, and analyse my findings through the prism of the Great Recession of 2007-8. I will also utilise theoretical material (as outlined above) in order to examine to what extent there is a hegemonic shift taking place within the context of the ongoing economic crisis of the United States and the West. Literature review Robert Cox uses the Gramscian notion of hegemony in order to expose the structures which arise from shifts in the organisation of the international economy. These structures are kept through consensual and coercive power relations. These power relations are marked by ideological practices which give it an aura of normality, therefore establishing a particular cultural hegemony. Significantly, Cox argued that although specific states may be the bearers of hegemony, at its most fundamental level the term relates to the rooting of a set of elites in different countries that acknowledge certain essential principle on the international economy (Cox in Gill, S. (Ed.), 1993: 42). According to Arrighi, hegemony becomes the added power that a dominant class has as a result of being able to universalise the issues which are capable of leading to conflict (Arrighi in Gill, S. (Ed.), 1993: 148). A state capable of exercising hegemony if it is able to lead the international political system in a particular direction and it is perceived by other states as pursuing the interests of the international community. However, the dominant state could also be interested in leading other countries into their own way of economic development (Arrighi, 1990: 367). Arrighi argues that the competition for resources that promoted the capitalist expansion of the European economy into the wider world is structural rather than conjunctural. Its strength resides in the ability to provoke creative destructions motivated by economic crises, giving rise to the technological breakthroughs that have sustained the process of globalisation (Arrighi, 1998: 128). Organski describes the rise of a hegemonic order in a situation in which powerful nations as well as middle and minor powers accept the given distribution of power and wealth and adhere to the same guidelines when it comes to diplomacy and commerce (Organski, 1969: 354). The international order that arises achieves its legitimacy through the ideology which underpins the ‘power differentials’ between the different states. When a power shift occurs, it may be accompanied by conflict amongst the great powers. This would very much depend on whether the challenger seeks to overhaul the rules of the game in the international political system (Organski, 1969: 354). Gilpin operates with a more deterministic notion of hegemonic cycles, positing that the resolution of a hegemonic war represents the start of another period of growth and eventual decline of a great power (Gilpin, 1981: 210). Kindleberger argues that the need to have a hegemon stems from the idea that only a domina nt power can provide collective goods. He maintains that the main danger that the international political faces is not the existence of too much power accumulated in one single hegemon but the presence of too many free riding states unwilling to exercise authority (Kindleberger, 1981: 253). Gramsci re-examines the Marxian model by positing that the cultural and political ‘base’ of a particular society is necessarily informed by the economic superstructure. The base includes categories such as the legal system, the prevailing ideology, the political make-up of the state and the cultural values of society. These categories are not involved in the production of goods but legitimate the ways in which the productive forces shape society: through surplus value extraction. Gramsci finds that the power of the dominant class goes far beyond the competencies of the state as it extends to the civil society, via institutions like schools, the press and cultural practices. The dominant class maintains hegemony by coopting the civil society, which is imbued with a particular ideology which ensures that the political status quo remains anchored in society and that it legitimates the way the productive forces operate (Holub, 1992: 103). Marx attributed the emergence of economic crises to the tendency of the rate of profit to fall (Marx, 1863). The requirement to provide the workforce with survival wages put limits on the exchange value of the labour capacity. This limits the surplus labour time and surplus value needed for the accumulation of profits. There is a requirement that capital be transformed in consumption, therefore placing another burden on the process of production. Limitations on the production of use value by the requirement to create exchange value and the requisite of private profit before the satisfaction of social needs means that there will be overproduction. Capitalism attempts to create the conditions to resolve the inner contradictions of capitalism, such as the creation of a credit system. However, according to Marxist theory, crises are temporarily resolved until a higher level of economic crisis is attained (McCarthy, 1990: 240). One of the ideas which Harvey puts forward in relation to the rise of neoliberal forms of globalisation is the policy of ‘accumulation by dispossession’, resulting in the centralisation of economic wealth and political power in the hands of a very reduced number of people through policies of dispossession. These policies imply stripping the publics of access to wealth. More precisely, ‘accumulation by dispossession’ entails the practice of financialisation, privatisation, upward state redistribution and the manipulation of crises. Harvey’s work is notably linked in an indirect manner to the ideas postulated by prominent public intellectuals of the Left such as Naomi Klein and Noam Chomsky, who also highlight the symbiosis between accumulation (upwards) and dispossession (downwards). These ideas seem to hark back to the classical Marxian template of a dialectic between the owners of the means of production and those who sell their labour at a fraction of its cost, living permanently in the ‘realm of necessity’ (Harvey, 2005). Mandel maintains the base/superstructure Gramscian symbiosis in its analysis of hegemonic relations in the post-World War Two era, claiming that it ushered in a ‘long-wave’ economic cycle of growth. The working class had been weakened by the effects of Fascism, which focused on the cooperation of the different social classes, and World War Two. Technology had increased the rate of profit, which produced impressive economic growth and accumulation of capital. Drawing on Gramsci, Mandel claims that it is impossible for the working class to capture civil society from a ‘war of position’ as this would lead to reformism instead of creating true change. Any attempt to seize the control of society must be done using a ‘war of maneouvre’. The working class, as a subject of social change, is not capable to capture society in a hegemonic way, as it has always been economically and culturally disenfranchised. Any revolutionary process of change must be dec isively quick. A drawn-out conflict would inevitably lead to an accommodation with the bourgeoisie (Mandel, 1995: 28). The theory of economic crisis is linked to the notion of ‘hegemony’ in its political aspects. Transformations taking place in the international economy, particularly those of the magnitude of the Great Recession of 2007-8, have the potential to create a fracture in the hegemonic order constituted after the end of the Cold War. To be sure, there is a process of political and economic convergence which arises out of the increased level of interconnectedness amongst states. This process of harmonisation has been marshalled by the marriage between democracy and the free market orientation typical of the American political personality which emerged amidst the triumphalist furore of the early 1990s (Fukuyama, 1992: 338). This emerging geostrategic situation steered the hegemonic path taken by the United States towards an expansion of its political personality to the wider world. The Great Recession of 2007-8 created a situation in which the tenets which sustained that hegemon y have been broken. China and the ‘Rest’ (i.e., the non-Western world) have been growing at a healthy rate whilst the West is still mired in an economic crisis which does not seem to have an end. This dissertation will endeavour to united both theoretical frameworks in order to determine to what extent the economic crisis will induce a change of hegemonic order. The most crucial aspect to be analysed is whether China will be able to rework the notion of ‘hegemony’ (which is a Western concept) in order to emerge as a potential challenger to the American dominion over the international order. The Great Recession of 2007-8 will potentially undermine the American military capabilities, which is the main element to be considered in the analysis of a putative hegemonic shift in favour of China. In addition, China seems to be interested in propping up its military capabilities. However, its geopolitical emphasis seems to be on forging commercial links with the Res t, rather than launching a frontal hegemonic challenge against the United States (Jacques, 2009: 22). Case study – The Great Recession of 2007-8 One of my research questions explores the possibility that the Great Recession of 2008 created a hegemonic shift towards the Pacific, specifically China. In some respects, the first stage of globalisation (1990-2008) was successful in creating an extensive network of international governance. The end of bipolarity gave rise to the ability to interconnect mankind by electronic means (personal computers, internet, fast processing of data). Globalisation has also created a uniformity of ideology amongst the nations, such as the concept of liberal democracy and free markets (Dilly, 1992: 59) Although some countries deviated from the norm of untrammelled capitalism after the localised financial crises of the 1990s (Russia, Argentina, etc), by and large there has been a trend towards ideological harmonisation, which also includes a growing concern for human rights. This is true for many countries, notably first world ones. The first stage of globalisation created an interdependence that in ternationalised production and consumption. Whilst the outsourcing of production created benefits for consumers, it also rendered nations incapable of protecting their resources, which are now shared with the rest of the world through its management by transnational economic interests, and managed their economy for the benefit of its populations. As Bobbitt argues, the market-state ushered in by globalisation has as its main purpose the maximisation of opportunities for its citizens instead of protecting their welfare (Bobbitt, 2002: 347). Since economic considerations have overtaken political ones, the increase rate of capitalist profit in the East means that China will continue to accumulate power due to its strategic competitive advantages, lower wages, a young labour force and a huge internal market. The challenges posed by the Great Recession exceed the capacity of individual states to be able to defend themselves. There is no nation, in the incipient stage of globalisation, which can act as steward and caretaker of the system. For example, the total flow of capital in the derivative industries vastly exceeds the size of the major economies of the world like the United States, the European Union and China ($531 tn as of September 2008). In addition, the first state of globalisation was chaotic, horizontal and disorderly. Globalisation brought in many positive elements for the world population, but also created many negative offshoots, which territorial states cannot possibly tackle on their own. The effects of global warming and natural resources degradation, the spread of disease, nuclear proliferation, humanitarian catastrophes and the threat of terrorism has one the one hand exposed the vulnerability of nation-states and created the need for common global action by supranati onal institutions that significantly erode their political sovereignty (Basch, L. et al, 1993: 67) The imperial overstrech that the United States suffers from has resulted in the accumulation of massive debts, which now total more than 100% of its GDP. In addition, its economy is about to be overtaken by China, which is still growing at very high rates (Jacques, 2009: 139). The second stage of globalisation will result in the erosion of hegemonic power of the United States. The Great Recession of 2008 provides an opportunity to recreate the global financial and economic structure as well as create more centralised supranational governance, as seen in the rise of the G20. One of the ways in which the crisis keeps melting down the political sovereignty of the nation-states is seen in the depreciation of the US dollar (the international reserve currency) due to the indiscriminate printing of money (Jansson, 2001: 44). One of the ways in which the second stage of globalisation could bring in a world-state is through the creation of currency harmonisation, possibly based on special drawing rights. The increased indebtedness of nations also harmonises the system towards a world-state, since the nation-state has to rely on a debt-based economy. The socialisation of banking losses through taxpayers’ dollars is also another variable to be reckoned with. The increased fragility of the system at local level creates greater opportunity for extra-national and supranational intervention. To be sure, the role of the nation-state has not gone away. However, their role is subordinated to the requirements of this increasingly emerging extraterritorial financial and economic structure. The reaction to this emerging harmonisation towards a world-state is already being seen in the different arrangements made between BRICS nations and commodity-rich countries seeking to replace the dollar as a medium of exchange (Suominen, 2012: 33) In turn, this will end up hurting the most powerful sovereign nation, which will find it increasingly difficult to maintain military hegemony without the ability to print out as many dollars as it needs. The erosion of political sovereignty as a result of the Great Recession of 2008 and the reaction to it by the ‘Second World’ goes hand in hand with the idea of privatisation of economic power, managed at supranational and extraterritorial level by powerful private concerns (Khanna, 2008: 41). These supranational concerns are in the process of setting up their own regulatory schemes, imposed on individual territorial states, which are finding it increasingly difficult to resist them. My preliminary findings show that the realignment of economic international systems is the main conduit by which harmonisation leading to an hegemonic shift in favour of China will be activated. In addition, there is a definite reaction by what I would call the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation bloc (notably China and Russia, but also the likes of India and Iran). The harmonisation process is proceeding apace in the West. This reaction in the Second World is generating its own kind of harmonisation. The political sovereignty of nations could also be further impaired by the conflict that will arise as a result of it. Trying to eliminate the logic of anarchy brings with it the possibility of conflict. A s Schmitt put it, the political cannot exist outside the realm of conflict. It is expected that the United States will not let China accumulate the necessary military capabilities in order to establish itself as the new hegemon. Preliminary findings There are several factors which enables us to think that a hegemonic transition is taking place. A massive, imposing display of Chinese-constructed fighter aircraft and other military equipment was used to commemorate the 60th anniversary of communist China’s founding, on 1 October, 2009. At the same time, China’s space industry was rapidly burgeoning and continuing to develop. Along with the fact that the Chinese economy continued to expand during a global recession and a rising position on the world political stage, these technological advances indicate China’s movement towards the status of a world superpower. While the rest of the world struggled in 2009, the Chinese economy exemplified a remarkable flexibility in returning to significant growth. The Chinese government attributes this economic resilience to China’s blend of communism with capitalism, in contrast to the laissez-faire approach taken by the West (Guthrie, 1999: 122). In early 2009, a migration of millions of workers from urban areas to rural locales resulted from the closure of factories that produced exports on the east coast and south coast of China. The steep price of fuel and food had put pressure on household budgets in 2008, and in order to halt inflation, stringent financial and credit policies were set in place. These policies caused the construction industry to dip, as well as a slump in the property market. In response, the Chinese government created a stimulus package in November 2008 that was worth 4 trillion yuan (about $586 billion). Approximately 50% of the stimulus package was set aside for improving infrastructure, such as railways and airports, primarily in rural regions, while a further 25% was designated for the Sichuan province, which had been severely affected by a May 2008 earthquake and was in need of rebuilding. Banks were ordered to increase lending, and the result was a 164% upsurge of loans in the first three quarters of 2009. This facilitated a rebound of the economy, which occurred far more quickly than in other countries. (Wright, 2010: 221). Additionally, the latter part of the year saw the recovery of exports, which set China up to overtake Germany as the top exporter world-wide. As a result, speculation grew as to whether China could reclaim the dominant position that it once held prior to the early 1800s, at which time it provided roughly one third of manufacturing in the world, compared to just 25% of manufacturing in the West. This outcome was rendered more probably by a trade deal with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations that transpired at the end of the year. As the world’s largest creditor, China had a symbiotic and mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S., the globe’s biggest debtor, that had become vital in the effort to rebalance the global economy. Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) issued a statement on 23 March 2009 th at called for an international currency that would replace the U.S. dollar as the primary global currency and would remain unattached to individual countries; he argued that this currency would have increased stability over time. The People’s Bank of China also proposed that Special Drawing Rights, which were designed in 1969 by the IMF for utilisation between international institutions and governments, might be employed on a wider scale and used as payment in international finance and trade transactions. This would reduce fluctuations in price and the risks associated with these fluctuations. The initiative was made again at the yearly Group of Eight (G-8) summit that took place in Italy in July 2009. Delegates from China, India, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa (also known as the â€Å"Group of Five) were also invited to the summit, where China, along with India and Russia (a G-8 member) called for an overhaul of the global financial system and a halt to dollar domination. In the latter part of September 2009, the president of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, cautioned that the U.S. dollar faced an increasing threat due to the rising force of both the euro and the Chinese yuan. At this juncture China had surpassed Japan as the main creditor of the U.S.; there were concerns coming from Beijing that the $800.5 billion value of U.S. Treasury securities, along with other assets that constituted 60% of China’s foreign-exchange reserves and 30% of foreign-exchange reserves globally, would be attenuated by American debt and decreasing confidence in the U.S. dollar. China presented a temporary solution, which was to resist purchasing U.S. Treasury stock and, more significantly, to advocate the utilisation of the yuan as a world currency. (Kim, 2010: 49). Bibliography Arrighi, G., Capitalism and the Modern World-System: Rethinking the Non-debates of the 1970’s Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 21, No. 1 (1998), pp. 113-129 Arrighi, G. The Three Hegemonies of Historical Capitalism, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Volume 13, Number 3 (Summer, 1990), pp. 365-408 Basch, L. et al (1993) Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States, Gordon and Breach, London Bobbitt, Philip (2002) The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History. New York, Alfred Knopf Bryson, J. Nick, H., Keebie, D. and Martin, R. (1999) The Economic Geography Reader: Producing and Consuming Global Capitalism, Wiley, New York Dilly, R. (1992) Contesting Markets: Analyses of Ideology, Discourse and Practice, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh Fukuyama, F. (1992) The Last Man and the End of History, Free Press. New York Gill, S. (Ed.) (1993) Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Gilpin, R. (1981) War and Change in World Politics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Guthrie, D. (1999) Dragon in a Three-Piece Suit: The Emergence of Capitalism in China, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Harvey, D. (2005) The New Imperialism, Oxford University Press, Oxford Holub, R. (1992) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism, Routledge, New York Jacques, M. (2009) When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order, Penguin Press, New York Jansson, B. (2001) The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the U.S. Bungled Its National Priorities from the New Deal to the Present, Columbia University Press, New York Khanna, P. (2008) The Second World, Penguin Books, London Kim, Yong-Ki, The Rise of G20 and Korea’s Response , SERI Quarterly. Volume: 3. Issue: 4 October 2010, pp. 49-66 Kindleberger, C. Dominance and Leadership in the International Economy, International Studies Quarterly 25(2) (1981), pp. 242-54 Mandel, E. (1995) Long Waves of Capitalist Development, Verso, London Marx, K. (1863) The Capital, Volume III, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1894-c3/index.htm MCCarthy, G. (1990) Marx and the Ancients: Classical Ethics, Social Justice, and Nineteenth-Century Political Economy, Rowman and Littlefield, Savage, MD Organski, A.F.K. (1969) World Politics, Knopf, New York Suominen, K. (2012) Peerless and Periled: The Paradox of American Leadership in the World Economic Order, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA Wright, T. (2010) Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA

The Brazil Police Force - 576 Words

In the Brazil Police Force there is a large problem with police corruption. The corrupt police take on a life of crime because of poor education, lack of money, and lack of positive hopes for the future. This is due to a large amount of the police force coming from the poorer areas of the country where they have little access to education. The officers are poorly paid, poorly trained, and poorly equipped to deal with the high-risk situations they face on an everyday basis. To counter the problems they face many officers resort to corruption in order to make money. Brazil’s police facilities are old, lack computer systems and some lack the most basic of amenities including air conditioning. Communication between institutions in the police force is minimum and causes problems when attempting to get all the work done. â€Å"In areas like the favelas in Rio de Janeiro there is an agreement between corrupt officers and drug dealers that exist. The dealers give a percentage of the ir profits to officers.† (â€Å"Corrupt Police and,† 2013) Due to this corruption communities suffer abuse by both gangs and officers as they deal with the existence of violence and a growing drug problem. The favelas in Rio de Janeiro are a leader in police corruption, drug trafficking, and other criminal activities. The favelas in Rio de Janeiro are communities in need that have suffered from abandonment of the government and the rest of the population. They are seen as a cause of social problems due to theShow MoreRelatedFederal Republic of Brazil1653 Words   |  7 PagesFederative Republic of Brazil. Brazil is the largest country in South America, it is located in Eastern South America and it borders the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil borders many countries including Argentina, Bolivia, Columbia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. 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The Role of the Nurse in Her Relationship with Juliet in...

The Role of the Nurse in Her Relationship with Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play written by Shakespeare. It is about two feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues, whose children fall in love. The play ends in tragedy when both Romeo and Juliet die. At the time this play was written and set society was very different. For instance, people didnt live as long therefore got married earlier that is why is was acceptable for Juliet to marry at only 13. It was very common for richer families to employ a nurse. The childs mother would have little or no role in bringing up the child, so great bonds would be made between Juliet and her nurse. Another thing†¦show more content†¦This scene shows Nurse not only as Juliets friend but also as her contact with her mother. Act1 scene5, in this scene Romeo goes uninvited to Capulets party. This is where Romeo and Juliet first meet and Nurse tells Romeo that Juliet is the Capulets daughter. This is also where Tybalt sees Romeo at the party and gets mad at him for the invasion; Tybalt would kill him if Capulet hadnt been there to strike him dead I hold not a sin. Nurse warns off Romeo from Juliet and explains that she is the Capulets daughter; Nurse is acting like Juliets mother and being very protective. Act2 scene4, in this scene we see Romeo and Mercutio who knows nothing about Juliet only of Rosalyn who Romeo used to love. Nurse arrives and talks to Romeo about wedding preparations. Mercutio is very rude towards the Nurse and insults her her fan is fairer than her face implying that the fan she is holding looks better than her face. When Mercutio has left she boasts that she could have beaten him if she had so wished. Romeo also tries to be witty and not answer her questions directly. Act2 scene5, Nurse returns from her talk with Romeo and is welcomed back by an excited Juliet. Nurse hears the desperation in Juliets voice. 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The father opted for a sudden decision of marriage of Juliet and theRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Gender Roles1251 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles in Romeo and Juliet In Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Juliet resorts to conniving and shrewd ways in order to control her destiny and free herself from her confined existence. Contrary to the critics who view Juliet as innocent, childish and immature, Juliet’s habits of manipulating people–particularly the men in her life, expressly Romeo–through simulating maleness implies a parallel between the approaches falconers (mostly males) use to train their falcons (mostly females)Read MoreRomeo And Juliet Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesRomeo and Juliet Essay â€Å"Holding a grudge doesn’t make you strong; it makes you bitter. Forgiving doesn’t make you weak; it sets you free.† This quote was once stated by Dave Willis, and teaches those that forgiving is something you can do to strengthen your life, not to weaken it. 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Shakespeares use of characteristi cs, setting, irony, foreshadowing and imagery in Romeo Juliet not only creates an everlastingRead MoreJuliets Evolvement Throughout William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet766 Words   |  4 PagesJuliets Evolvement Throughout William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares earliest tragedies. The character in question, Juliet Capulet, is arguably the most intriguing character in the play. The daughter of Lord and Lady Capulet, one of the richest families in the setting of Verona, her life should have been one of comfort and pleasure, but this is not to be, as the introductory prologue tells us. Amid the tale of fierce family feuds

Ethics Case Directions Example

Essays on Ethics Case Directions Essay The ethical dilemma at hand in this particular situation is one that is contingent upon accounting standards and the methods through which in common is represented. Ultimately, the needs of two distinct stakeholders are at hand. The first stakeholder is obviously the individual who is interested in representing a higher level of earnings/income so that he may be eligible for a year end bonus. By means of contrast in comparison, the second group of stakeholders are those individual shareholders of the firm itself. Naturally, when individual shareholders note that the overall level of worth that their particular shares of the company denote has fallen, as compared to a previous year, they may very well be interested in selling the remaining shares that they have; resulting in a decrease the value for the firm and a situation in which the overall longevity of this entity falls into further question. From an accounting ethics standpoint, the representation of information is an extraordinarily important facet of honesty and truthfulness. As such, seeking to represent the two values of â€Å"unearned revenue† and â€Å"payments in advance† as worthy of inclusion in the firm’s untaxed revenue would be a stark departure from the way in which such values were listed previously. In such a way rather than choosing between including these values in the overall total or refusing the request outright, a third path is possible. If this issue is one of such importance that they lead accountant feels it is necessary for inclusion, they can indeed perform such a function; Yachting this with a description and discussion of why this numerical change has taken place as compared to the prior year’s accounting report. However, this particular change must then be engaged in subsequent years and discussed it with stakeholders within the company that any potential changes in the accounting practice will have to be related to all stakeholders and clearly denoted in terms of an explanation within the year-end balance sheets. Whereas it is not illegal or unethical to change the way in which certain information is represented, so long as no laws are broken, going above and beyond this requirement and insisting that stakeholders are kept apprised of the way in which information is related is one fundamental way in which this ethical dilemma could be averted. In the eventuality that stakeholders within the company do not feel comfortable with relating the information in the way that the accountant has propose, the only other alternative would be to leave these two line items out of the final untaxed revenue entirely. The underlying reason for this is that changes in accounting representation, year-to-year, without any level of effective explanation creates a situation in which the overall truthfulness in representation comes into question. Whereas it is possible for the firm to engage in such a practice without breaking the law, such an approach would not be fair to the shareholders and would create further problems within subsequent years of accounting practice.

Assignment of Personal Sport Free Essays

Last year, after summer vacation, I went into my student soccer team kind of sad, my past captain, the person who I had really admired, had moved to another team. I did not really feel down though, because there were many of my friends that were playing with me this year. The greatest thing I had learned about soccer is â€Å"Team Spirit†, which I thought my team was full of. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment of Personal Sport or any similar topic only for you Order Now Day by day, we played together, joked in the yard, hung out after tired matches, I was so happy to have them as teammate. In my city, there were many rival teams, and they were always trying to pull pranks on each other. Sometimes nothing really happened, but sometimes something really terrible happened. I remembered the time our team did not have any uniforms because someone has painted them. Luckily, we could have a new uniform which I thought were better, but we also had to pay a lot of money for them. This season was not just like any season before. We had a new captain and we were also playing competitive soccer, which was a lot different than our normal soccer. Instead of playing with other local teams, we got to play in big tournaments and against strange teams from other cities. The game was also more vivid; I remember the first game, against a team from Hue City-the city next to my city. The game we called â€Å"Derby Game†, it was totally different than anything I had seen, we were getting to play at a university, and against a highly ranked team. We had started the game, and man the other team was wild, they played with violence. After the first half with surprise and anger, we started to strike back, and I was sure the referee would hate to be in his position. Whenever he made a decision, he got a lot of bad word from players; it did not matter if he was right or wrong. That game finished with a loss for us, but the biggest disappointment was that two of my teammates were injured. We soon learned to live with this violence, and the funny thing is, we even participated in it more than other teams. After we gained enough points, we entered to the next stage of the tournament, which was called â€Å"Knock Out Stage†. This meant we could be kicked out of the tournament as soon as we lost a game. The tournament was held in Ho Chi Minh City, the biggest city in my country. We stayed in a hotel with three other teams. At the first sight I looked at them, I realized that the rumors about them were true; teams that qualified to this stage were really beasts, they were stronger, faster and even dirtier (in the way they play). We had about two days to practice and get used to the yard. The yard there was much prettier than in our city. The grass was greener, and there was more space for supporters. In the first day of the tournament, we had a game against Thu Do, a team from Hanoi City- our capital city. That team played really well, they ran all around the yard and I never saw any of them stop running. Our goalie was taking a lot of their shots; he looked really exhausted just after 20 minutes. Then as we saw that they were too strong for us, we changed the tactic to â€Å"counterattack†, which was much safer and did not waste as much energy. I had to be withdrawn from the yard because of the change in tactic. At that time, I felt so disappointed but I could contain it. The change in tactic seemed to be good and gave us a positive effect. Thu Do still attacked very hard, they flowed into our yard part like a huge flood, but it was less dangerous than before. Our defense did a very good job; they kept the enemies far away from the goalie as much as they could, they also tried to block every shot from the enemies. I was sitting on the sideline for a bit and my coach asked me how I felt, I said good and asked if I could get back in, he said, â€Å"Sure, but in a bit. † So I started do some exercises to keep my body warm and be ready. A bit later, the referee blew the whistle and the first half came to an end. The result was still 0-0 and we could not expect more. Our team went into the rest room and discussed a lot. My coach told me that I would have a part in second half; nervous thought crossed my mind for a second but was soon gone. At the beginning of the second half, things were not much different from the first one; Thu Do still tried hard to attack and score a goal, but our defense line was really concentrated on to the game. Whenever Thu Do’s player got the ball, there were always two or maybe three of our players standing around him and were able to win the ball back. They kept attacking hard and we kept defending well. After 20 minutes, Thu Do players were starting to get tired, I could see how heavy and exhausted in their running, and you know, that was the time we had been waiting for. The coach told me to pop in. We started to attack them back, and can anyone believe it? We scored at our very first chance; I was the one who crossed the final ball to Vu – our player, and with a genius header, the Thu Do’s net vibrated with our happiness and cheers from our supporters. We had been waiting for this time and it had come. I remembered a saying from a well-known coach that goes: â€Å"If you keep attacking but could not score, then you will be scored. It was true this time. I could not tell you how Thu Do player’s faces looked at that time. It was some kind of disappointed, angry or maybe even shameful. After having a goal, we got back to defense style. The time left was still plenty, Thu Do’ player attacked in hopelessness, and for their honor. But that was it, the referee blew full time whistle and we won that game, a very tough game. We also paid a very expensive price because of that winning moment; our players were exhausted and did not have good form on the next game. We lost on our second game. Although that was not something that really surprised us, we were still. I thought the main reason for our loss was that we were not really ready for this kind of tournament. We were determined to get back to our city and train harder and hope for a successful next year. That was also a lesson for me and my team, so that in next tournaments, we could have a better preparation in health and mental, and could avoid unnecessary injures. Until now, that soccer experience is something that I never forget in my life; that was not only my first soccer tournament, but also the most impressive tournament I have ever had. How to cite Assignment of Personal Sport, Essay examples

Foreign Language Instruction Should Begin in Kindergarten Essay Example For Students

Foreign Language Instruction Should Begin in Kindergarten Essay A foreign linguistic communication is a linguistic communication spoken in another state and is autochthonal to that state. In many states around the word there has been involvement to originate foreign linguistic communication in Kindergarten before the childs joins primary school ( Hawkings. 1996 ) . From the past experiences. there has ever been often asked inquiry whether the foreign linguistic communication should get down to be taught in the kindergarten. the degree at which the childs are five to six old ages of age. This from concern that that foreign category is most deadening. the childs don’t posses good conversation accomplishments. vocabulary needed is to larn the niceties of a foreign linguistic communication and that the linguistic communication requires higher comprehension which is hard for the childs at this phase. Since there is demand to learn the foreign linguistic communication for we need assist and societal interaction from other states and for other be nefits from international relation. the inquiry can non be assumed. I strongly agree it should get down at this degree for four major grounds. foremost. their encephalon at this degree has a greater capacity to absorb information. second. the universe is acquiring more diverse and there is demand for kids to interact from different ethnicities. 3rd. for instruction promotion. and in conclusion. its one factor for the professional and rational development. Harmonizing to satchwell. ( 2004 ) the kids at this phase learn more rapidly as compared to the older kids. At the phase they are able to hold on new and basic information fast as compared to kids in other degrees particularly high school who struggle much to hold on the construction of any new linguistic communication. A good account to the fact is computing machine. which when used at first clip runs really fast but slows down bit by bit with clip. The childs are besides so much susceptible to new information and develop involvement to cognize more about it. This is same instance when taught foreign linguistic communication. They will became more funny about outer universe civilization and wonts differing from them. It’s interesting to hear them travel place and state their parents what new they have learnt and accordingly this increases their degree of comprehension On rational grade and professional graduated table. recent surveies done. larning a new linguistic communication can assist kids develop their intelligence. This is because the procedure of reading. listening. authorship and talking abroad languages helps childs of course develop the ability of coding and decrypting procedure. Consequently. there is more links between nerve cells which are finding facet of intelligence. Furthermore. in early ages. childs head is like sponge which gets vocabulary quicker and more merely. of course than that of older kids. Therefore. when childs are taught foreign linguistic communications at earlier phases. they understand it deeper ; learn faster. and the better they became ( Chamberss. 2000 ) On the other manus. on professional graduated table. analyzing foreign linguistic communications in kindergarten. childs are more likely to â€Å"leg up† over farther in the profession market. This from fact that the universe is besides going so much diverse and the foreign linguistic communication taught at this phase will enable the kids to entree the same chances with those that are of other states or instead we can exactly state. the more immature delay for the higher degree the more they shall wait or even lack entree to these chances. The benefit they gain is non merely about their understanding refering the foreign linguistic communication. but latter in their surveies besides about the manner of life of the states talking those linguistic communications. Clearly. the exact for bilingual. multilingual professional is progressing higher and higher for the ground of the enlargement of globalisation ( Gil and alabau. 2006 ) . .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .postImageUrl , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:hover , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:visited , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:active { border:0!important; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:active , .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue3fe8039218d3d856edc8db6300ea31b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Kill A Mocking Bird EssayFor academic promotions. immature childs analyzing foreign linguistic communication normally have good attending accomplishments to choose and keep focal point as compared to other kids in older phase who merely understands one linguistic communication ; they besides develop proficiency in the degree of linguistic communication in reading. authorship and speech production. Indeed harmonizing to the research done by Cornell Language Acquisition La ( 1962 ) it shows that simple school starting motors are 70 per cent more likely to make an intermediate degree of communicating ; hence exposure to secondary linguistic communication in early ages play s of import cardinal function in academic success. As if non sufficient statement to convert the oppositions. Nitowski gives us the experience where she says that since she opened school in Danbury and started developing that integrated Foreign linguistic communication in her Helena Nitowski kindergarten. for the past 15 old ages. it has proved to be built-in constituent in bring forthing productive member to the planetary society. . From Nitowski. Katz is so much exited that she even says. â€Å"To immature kids. teaching on foreign linguistic communication is like wiring the encephalon in different ways. † The work of Nitowski neer ended at that place. for latest seven old ages all the childs in Danbury have to go to fifth-grade ( western Connecticut Academy ) to analyze universe civilization and their linguistic communication where they are fundamentally taught in Spanish ( Nikolov. M. 2009 ) . Harmonizing to Ellis and Mark ( 2005 ) . some kids do non do connexion between the two linguistic communications due to miss of consciousness and apprehension of them. They argue that. Foreign languages taught in Kindergarten do non lodge to the kids for more than a twelvemonth. Harmonizing to Mark. many people do non retrieve any foreign linguistic communication words they learnt. He states. â€Å"Kindergarteners learn the same phrases. yet they do non retrieve. † That shows that they can non retain as much information as my opposition provinces. â€Å"He goes in front by stating that presently. simple schools teach a different linguistic communication every twelvemonth and this does non assist the kids. Furthermore. they become increasing baffled with each coming twelvemonth of simple schools. I would wish to strongly oppose the thought for. it’s all about which degree to originate and one time started in Kindergarten. it should be uninterrupted to the other degrees. From above statements. these instructions in Kindergarten are much of import for any state. Though at that place has aroused concern from the current research done by National defence instruction ( 2003 ) . More money has been used in schools to buy equipments. stuffs. and other points. All this have been used to implement the instructional of foreign linguistic communications in Kindergarten. the major job that exists is in finding which foreign linguistic communication should be taught. for illustration. in New Orleans. Gallic linguistic communication is more of of import to pupils. To decision. the profession development. rational development and higher comprehensive power in childs should actuate the pedagogues every bit good as the full states in educating kid’s foreign linguistic communication in their early ages. Though implementing this at the phase when they are get downing to larn the really first direction in life may look sensitive. Still. developing foreign linguistic communications to childs in kindergarten is presenting. Mentions Nikolov. M. ( 2009 ) . Early acquisition of modern foreign linguistic communications: Procedures and results. Bristol: Multilingual Matters. Issues in Bilingual Education. ( 2001 ) . S. cubic decimeter: Branden Pub Mun?oz. C. ( 2006 ) . Age and the rate of foreign linguistic communication acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Watzke. J. L. ( 2003 ) . Lasting alteration in foreign linguistic communication instruction: A historical instance for alteration in national policy. Westport. Conn: Praeger .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .postImageUrl , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:hover , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:visited , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:active { border:0!important; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:active , .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37 .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud623c7625ed8d922d7e376925b2a4c37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lord Of The Dead EssayBeginning papers